Imagery & point clouds
Data that arrives as measurements of a surface rather than as features on it.
Topics in Imagery & point clouds
3 topics, 62 guides. Each topic page groups the concepts, the how-to guides and the fixes for that subject.
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Satellite imagery
Bands, reflectance, cloud masks and composites — turning scenes into an array you can trust.
7 concepts · 11 how-to · 4 fixes → -
LiDAR & point clouds
LAS, LAZ and COPC files: returns, classes, density, and the surfaces you derive from them.
5 concepts · 8 how-to · 3 fixes → -
Gridded & climate data
NetCDF, GRIB and Zarr grids with a time axis: opening, subsetting, averaging and regridding them with xarray.
7 concepts · 12 how-to · 5 fixes →
Every guide in Imagery & point clouds
Grouped by topic. A guide that spans two topics appears under both.
Satellite imagery 22 guides
- Spectral Bands Explained: What Satellite Imagery Actually Measures spectral bands explained
- Radiometric Levels Explained: DN, TOA and Surface Reflectance radiometric levels explained
- Sentinel-2 or Landsat? Choosing a Satellite Imagery Source sentinel 2 vs landsat explained
- How to Load Sentinel-2 Bands into Python as an Analysis-Ready Array load sentinel2 bands python
- Satellite Bands Have Different Shapes or Do Not Align satellite bands do not align
- How to Resample Satellite Bands to a Common Grid resample satellite bands python
- Spectral Indices Explained: NDVI, NDWI and What They Assume spectral indices explained
- How to Calculate NDVI from Sentinel-2 in Python calculate ndvi python
- NDVI Values Are Above 1 or Below −1: How to Fix It ndvi values out of range
- Cloud Masking Explained: QA Bands, Scene Classification and What They Miss cloud masking explained
- How to Mask Clouds in Sentinel-2 Imagery with Python mask clouds sentinel2 python
- How to Build a Cloud-Free Composite from Many Satellite Scenes cloud free composite python
- My Composite Has Holes, Stripes or Grey Patches composite has holes or stripes
- How to Extract a Vegetation Index Time Series for a Polygon ndvi time series polygon python
- How to Detect Change Between Two Satellite Images in Python detect change satellite images python
- How to Classify Land Cover from Satellite Imagery in Python classify land cover python
- How to Turn a STAC Search into an xarray Data Cube stac to xarray cube python
- Vegetation indices explained: NDVI, EVI, NDRE and when each fails ndvi evi ndre compared
- Crop phenology and growing seasons explained crop phenology remote sensing
- How to delineate field boundaries from imagery in Python delineate field boundaries python
- How to extract phenology metrics from an NDVI time series phenology metrics ndvi python
- NDVI stops responding in a dense canopy ndvi saturation dense canopy
LiDAR & point clouds 16 guides
- LiDAR Point Clouds Explained: Returns, Classes and Intensity lidar point clouds explained
- LAS, LAZ and COPC Explained: How Point Clouds Are Stored las laz copc explained
- How to Read a LAS or LAZ File in Python with laspy read las laz python laspy
- A LAZ File Will Not Open in Python laz file will not open
- laspy Returns the Wrong Coordinates: Scale, Offset and CRS laspy wrong coordinates
- Point Density Explained: What Resolution a Point Cloud Supports point density explained
- How to Filter a Point Cloud by Class and Return Number filter point cloud class return
- How to Clip and Tile a Point Cloud in Python clip tile point cloud python
- DSM, DTM and CHM from LiDAR: How Each Surface Is Derived lidar surfaces dsm dtm chm explained
- How to Create a DTM from LiDAR Ground Points in Python create dtm from lidar python
- My LiDAR DTM Has Holes, Spikes or Terraces lidar dtm holes and spikes
- How to Create a Canopy Height Model from LiDAR canopy height model python
- How to Rasterise a Point Cloud to a Grid in Python rasterise point cloud python
- How to Measure Building Heights from LiDAR in Python building heights from lidar python
- Where building heights come from, and how wrong they are building height data source
- How to classify roof shapes from LiDAR in Python roof shape classification lidar
Gridded & climate data 24 guides
- NetCDF and Gridded Data Explained: Dimensions, Variables and Attributes netcdf explained
- CF Conventions Explained: How a NetCDF File Says What Its Numbers Mean cf conventions netcdf
- How to Open a NetCDF File in Python with xarray open netcdf python xarray
- How to Select a Time Range and Location from an xarray Dataset xarray select time location
- 0–360 or −180–180: Longitude Conventions in Gridded Data Explained longitude 0 360 convert
- How to Clip a NetCDF Grid to a Polygon in Python clip netcdf shapefile python
- How to Convert NetCDF to GeoTIFF in Python netcdf to geotiff python
- How to Resample a Gridded Time Series to Monthly or Annual Values xarray resample monthly
- How to Calculate a Climatology and Anomalies with xarray climate anomaly xarray
- How to Take an Area-Weighted Mean over a Latitude–Longitude Grid area weighted mean xarray latitude
- How to Extract a Time Series per Polygon from a NetCDF Grid netcdf zonal statistics polygons time series
- Regridding Explained: Bilinear, Conservative and Nearest for Gridded Data regridding explained conservative bilinear
- GRIB, NetCDF or Zarr: Choosing a Format for Gridded Data grib netcdf zarr difference
- How to Read GRIB Weather Forecast Data in Python read grib python cfgrib
- How to Open Hundreds of NetCDF Files as One Dataset xarray open_mfdataset
- Fixing xarray's "Did Not Find a Match in Any of xarray's Installed Backends" xarray did not find a match installed backends
- Fixing NetCDF Values That Look Wrong: scale_factor, _FillValue and Units netcdf scale_factor fill value wrong
- Fixing a NetCDF Map That Is Shifted, Flipped or Split at 180° netcdf map flipped shifted
- Fixing open_mfdataset That Is Slow, Hangs or Will Not Combine open_mfdataset slow
- Fixing cftime and Out-of-Bounds Datetime Errors in xarray cftime datetime error xarray
- Sea level rise data explained sea level rise data
- How to subset an ocean model NetCDF by depth and time ocean netcdf subset python
- Growing degree days explained growing degree days
- How to calculate growing degree days from gridded weather growing degree days python